Calon Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Independen: Studi Perbandingan dan Tawaran Implementasinya di Indonesia
Abstract
The stagnation of discussions to accommodate independent presidential and vice-presidential candidates may be because an appropriate pattern of implementation has not been found. Therefore, it is important to learn from best practices in other countries. From this comparison, it is hoped that this will be the basis for the idea of implementing it in Indonesia. To discuss this, this paper uses a combination of statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The results show, first, that the United States and Egypt are more flexible in managing the nominations for President and Vice President by implementing a multi-track system. Second, there are two implementation models that can be adopted, namely public support and nominations by state institutions. In the Indonesian context, both can be applied with some adjustments because in principle they have been practiced.
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References
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Asshiddiqie, Jimly, 2006, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara Jilid I, Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI.
———, 2006, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara Jilid II, Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI.
Brancati, Dawn, “Winning Alone: The Electoral Fate of Independent Candidates Worldwide,” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2008: 648–662.
Dahl, Robert A., 1982, Dilemmas Of Pluralist Democracy: Autonomy and Control, New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
Darwisheh, Housam. “Egypt Under Sisi: From an Authoritarian Dominant-Party System to Strongman Politics,” JETRO-IDE ME-Review, Vol. 6, 2019: 1–20.
Davison, John and Ahmed Tolba, “Egypt’s Sisi Wins 97 Percent in Election with No Real Opposition,” (2 April 2018), https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-election-result-idUSKCN1H916A, diakses 18 November 2021.
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Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA), “Egypt: 2012 Presidential Election Results,” (Juni 2012), https://www.eisa.org/wep/egy2012results.htm, diakses 18 November 2021.
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Haynes, Jeff, Democracy and Civil Society in The Third World Politics & New Political Movement, Terj. P. Soemitro, 2000, Demokrasi dan Masyarakat Sipil di Dunia Ketiga, Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A., “The Reemergence of the Wafd Party: Glimpses of the Liberal Opposition in Egypt,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1984: 99–121.
Huda, Ni’matul dan Imam Nasef, 2017, Penataan Demokrasi dan Pemilu, Jakarta: Kencana.
Huen, Yuki, “Nomination and Voting Procedures Governing Presidential Elections in Selected Places”, (1 November 2013), https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1314rp01-nomination-and-voting-procedures-governing-presidential-elections-in-selected-places-20131101-e.pdf, diakses 15 November 2021.
Husein, Harun, 2012, Pemilu Indonesia: Fakta, Angka, Analisis, dan Studi Banding, Jakarta: Perludem.
Isra, Saldi dan Zainal Arifin Mochtar, “Menelisik Model Kamar Parlemen (Catatan Untuk Penataan Kelembagaan DPD Indonesia),” Media Hukum, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2007: 118–136.
Kingsley, Patrick, “Abdel Fatah Al-Sisi Won 96.1% of Vote in Egypt Presidential Election, Say Officials,” (3 Juni 2014), https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/03/abdel-fatah-al-sisi-presidential-election-vote-egypt, diakses 18 November 2021.
Kompas.com, “Kedua Bakal Capres Dinilai Beri Pendidikan Politik yang Buruk,” (13 Agustus 2018) https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/08/13/11354381/kedua-bakal-capres-dinilai-beri-pendidikan-politik-yang-buruk, diakses 28 Oktober 2021.
———, “Menimbang Calon Perseorangan,” (7 April 2011), https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/04/07/03060520/menimbang.calon.perseorangan?page=al, diakses 20 November 2021.
Kurebwa, Jeffrey, “A Review of Hanna Pitkin’s (1967) Conception of Women’s Political Representation,” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 5, No. 11, 2015: 50–60.
Kusnardi, Moh. dan Harmaily Ibrahim, 1985, Pengantar Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia, Jakarta: Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara FH UI dan CV Sinar Bakti.
Latief, Yudi, 2014, Mata Air Keteladanan: Pancasila dalam Perbuatan, Bandung: Mizan.
Manan, Bagir, 2008, Lembaga Kepresidenan, Cet. II, Yogyakarta: FH UII Press.
Martosoewignjo, R. Sri Soemantri, 2016, Konstitusi Indonesia (Prosedur Dan Sistem Perubahannya Sebelum Dan Sesudah UUD 1945 Perubahan), Cet. I, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Paciello, Maria Cristina, “Egypt: Changes and Challenges of Political Transition,” (Mei 2011), https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/129845/MEDPRO%20TR%20No%204%20Paciello%20on%20Egypt.pdf, diakses 18 November 2021.
Polsby, Nelson W., Aaron Wildavsky, Steven E. Schier, and David A. Hopkins, 2012, Presidential Elections: Strategies and Structures of American Politics, Plymouth-United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Presidential Decision No. 22/2014 on Presidential Elections Law.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 51-52-59/PUU/VI/2008.
Syamsumar, Dam dan Agus R. Rahman, 2001, Militer dan Deokratisasi di Nigeria, Mesir, dan Afrika Selatan, Jakarta: Lembaga Pengetahuan Indonesia.
Tormey, Simon, 2015, The End of Representation. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Tempo.co, “Survei: Partai Politik Makin Tidak Dipercayai Masyarakat,” (23 Maret 2017), https://nasional.tempo.co/read/858765/survei-partai-politik-makin-tidak-dipercayai-masyarakat, diakses 28 Oktober 2021.
The South Carolina Code of Law of 1976, Title 7 on Election.
Vile, Jhon R, 2005, The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America’s Funding Volume 1, California: ABC-CLIO.
United States of America's Constitution of 1789.
Undang-Undang Dasar Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemilihan Umum Presiden dan Wakil Presiden.
Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2015 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemilihan Gubernur, Bupati, dan Walikota Menjadi Undang-Undang.
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum.
Wheare, K.C. Modern Constitution, Terj. Baehaqie, Imam, 2015, Konstitusi-Konstitusi Modern, Cet. V, Bandung: Nusa Media.
Winger, Richard, “Does the Constitution Provide More Ballot Access Protection for Presidential Elections Than for U.S. House Elections?” Fordham Law Review, Vol. 85, No. 3, 2016: 1112–1126.
Winters, Jeffrey A., Oligharchy and Democracy Indonesia, in Ford, Michele and Thomas B. Pepinsky (ed), 2014, Beyond Oligarchy: Wealth, Power, and Contemporary Indonesian Politics, Ithaca-NY: Cornell University Press.
Published
2022-06-22
Section
Articles
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